NASA plans for launch of Europa Clipper: What to know about craft's search for life

• When the uncrewed orbiter reaches the moon by 2030, it will begin the task of mapping and scanning above and beneath Europa's surface to determine whether the celestial body is indeed habitable.
• With the launch window set to open as soon as Oct. 10, NASA officials took the time Tuesday to provide an update on the Europa Clipper mission during a news conference.

NASA is just weeks away from sending a spacecraft on a six-year journey to the Jupiter moon Europa, where the massive orbiter will get an unprecedented glimpse of an ocean world that scientists believe could harbor life.

The Europa Clipper's impending launch represents the start of a flagship mission for the U.S. space agency that has been years in the making. While NASA spacecraft have been busy studying asteroids, gas giants and terrestrial planets, ocean worlds have largely remained shrouded in mystery.

And though Europa has been imaged before, no vehicles have gotten as up-close a look as the Clipper should get. When the uncrewed orbiter reaches the moon by 2030, it will begin the historic task of mapping and scanning above and beneath Europa's surface to determine whether the celestial body is indeed habitable, as scientists have long suspected.

With the launch window set to open as soon as Oct. 10, NASA officials took the time Tuesday to provide an update on the Europa Clipper mission during a news conference.

"Our journey of exploration and discovery is about to begin," said Laurie Leshin, director of NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California, in prepared remarks. "This is an incredibly impressive mission." 

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Why are scientists interested in Europa?

The fourth largest of Jupiter’s 95 moons, Europa is an icy celestial body teeming with enigma and intrigue.

Though Europa is slightly smaller than Earth’s own moon and barely one-quarter the diameter of Earth, beneath its surface is a vast salty ocean twice the size of Earth’s own oceans combined. Scientists have long theorized that the icy crust above the ocean conceals evidence of organic compounds and energy sources – ingredients that are the stuff of life.

The icy shell encasing Europa – named for a woman from Greek mythology abducted by Zeus (Jupiter, in Roman mythology) – was first detected in 1972 through telescope observations. Thermal models a year earlier also suggested the presence of the layer of liquid water flowing beneath it, according to NASA.

What is the Europa Clipper mission?

If the conditions do indeed exist to support life on Europa, then NASA is hoping the Clipper will be able to discover them.

"There's very strong evidence that the ingredients for life exist on Europa, but we have to go there to find out," Bonnie Buratti, deputy project scientist for the Clipper mission, said during Tuesday's news conference.

Astronomers believe oceans worlds such as Europa are common outside of our solar system, so studying Europa could prove to be the first step to understanding how life could exist beyond Earth. But NASA officials were clear on one point: The Clipper is not looking to find life itself; just the conditions that could support it.

During the course of 49 close flybys of Europa, the Clipper will gather and relay data to help scientists determine, for instance, the subsurface's salinity and how deep the water is, said Gina DiBraccio, acting director of NASA's Planetary Science Division.

"NASA is so excited to being one step closer to answering fundamental questions about the solar system and beyond," DiBraccio said in prepared remarks. "This is going to pave the way for the future: for future missions to Europa and elsewhere in our solar system where we can search more directly for life."

What to know about the Clipper spacecraft

With its massive solar arrays and radar antennas, the Clipper is the largest spacecraft NASA has ever developed for a planetary mission.

Bigger than a basketball court, the spacecraft extends 100 feet from one end to the other and is about 58 feet across. With no propellant in the tank, the Europa Clipper weights about 7,145 pounds.

The orbiter's solar arrays alone, which need to be huge so they can collect enough sunlight while near Jupiter to power the craft, measure about 46.5 feet long and about 13.5 feet high.

Though mission engineers plotted orbits to limit the Clipper's time amid Jupiter's most intense radiation, the spacecraft was also designed with a thick-walled vault made of titanium and aluminum to shield sensitive electronics.

NASA spacecraft have imaged Europa before – but not like this

Six spacecraft have visited Europa since it became one of the first moons found beyond Earth.

NASA’s Pioneer 10 and 11 spacecraft flew by Jupiter in the early 1970s, but the first spacecraft to image the surfaces of Jupiter's moons in significant detail were the Voyager 1 and 2 orbiters nine years later. NASA's Junospacecraft is also orbiting Jupiter.

However, it was the imaging conducted in the 1990s during the Galileo mission that provided the most data on Europa to date.

Scientists have long been intrigued by the moon's surprising lack of large impact craters that lend it a notably smooth surface, especially relative to the other icy moons. Galileo's imaging also revealed reddish-brown cracks slicing the surface that scientists hope to better understand when the Clipper arrives.

The Europa Clipper's flybys will cover both hemispheres of the moon, the closest of which will be at an altitude of 16 miles above Europa's surface, NASA says.

On board, the Europa Clipper will carry nine observational instruments, including cameras needed for high-resolution imaging and an ice-penetrating radar to search for the subsurface water. The instruments, which will also study the moon's geology and atmosphere, will operate simultaneously on every pass so that scientists can layer the data together to paint a full picture of the moon.

"Every mission we have ever been to, we have always uncovered things we could not have imagined," Buratti said. "There's going to be something there, the unknown, that is going to be so wonderful that we can't conceive of it right now."

When will the Europa Clipper launch?

NASA officials said Tuesday that the Europa Clipper remains on track to be ready when the launch window opens Thursday, Oct. 10.

Engineers have been hard at work readying the spacecraft to endure both a launch on a SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket as well as the harsh conditions of the vacuum of space, said Jordan Evans, Europa Clipper project manager at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The orbiter is now prepared to get fueled up and head to Launch Complex 39A at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida, Evans said.

Ahead of the spacecraft is a 1.8 billion-mile journey to Europa on a trajectory taking it past Mars and then Earth, using the planets’ gravity as a slingshot to add speed for the trek. After journeying for more than five years, the Europa Clipper will fire its engines to enter Jupiter's orbit in 2030.

Eric Lagatta covers breaking and trending news for USA TODAY. Reach him at [email protected]